CARDIAC ASTHMA IN PATIENTS WITH HEART FAILURE: MECHANISMS AND CLINICAL MANAGEMENT

Abstract

Cardiac asthma is a clinical condition characterized by paroxysmal episodes of wheezing, dyspnea, and cough that occur as a consequence of acute or chronic heart failure, particularly left ventricular dysfunction. Despite its name, it is not related to bronchial asthma but rather reflects pulmonary congestion and interstitial edema resulting from elevated left-sided cardiac filling pressures. This condition is frequently misdiagnosed as primary respiratory asthma, leading to delays in appropriate cardiovascular management. The present article reviews the underlying mechanisms, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approach, and modern management strategies of cardiac asthma in patients with heart failure. Emphasis is placed on early recognition and differentiation from bronchial asthma, as timely treatment of the underlying cardiac dysfunction significantly improves patient outcomes