Keywords
How to Cite
Abstract
Ishemia or ischemic heart disease is the leading cause of disability and premature deaths worldwide. IHD is a condition in which the heartis starved of oxygen due to a redused blood spply. Deapite a large pool of interesting candidate biomarkers, endothelin-1 (ET-1) appears to be involvedin multiple aspecis of IHD pathogenesis that include neurohormonal activation, cardiac remodeling, endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, atherosclerosis and alteration of the renal function. ET-1 production and release can be upregulated by inflammatory factors, such as IFN-γ and IL-1β, during disease
References
Mentz, R.J.; O’Connor, C.M. Pathophysiology and clinical evaluation of acute heart failure. Nat. Rev. Cardiol. 2016, 13, 28–35. [CrossRef]
Yanagisawa, M.; Kurihara, H.; Kimura, S.; Tomobe, Y.; Kobayashi, M.; Mitsui, Y.; Yazaki, Y.; Goto, K.; Masaki, T. A novel potent vasoconstrictor peptide produced by vascular endothelial cells. Nature 1988, 332, 411–415. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Haynes, W.G.; Webb, D.J Miftode, R.-S.; Costache, I.-I.; Cianga, P.; Petris, A.O.; Cianga, C.-M.; Maranduca, M.-A.; Miftode, I.-L.; Constantinescu, D.; Timpau, A.-S.; Crisan, A.; et al. The Influence of Socioeconomic Status on the Prognosis and Profile of Patients Admitted for Acute Heart Failure during COVID-19 Pandemic: Overestimated Aspects or a Multifaceted Hydra of Cardiovascular Risk Factors? Healthcare2021,9,1700.[CrossRef]
Teerlink, J.R.; McMurray, J.J.; Bourge, R.C.; Cleland, J.G.; Cotter, G.; Jondeau, G.; Krum, H.; Metra, M.; O’Connor, C.M.; Parker, J.D.; et al. Tezosentan in patients with acute heart failure: Design of the Value of Endothelin Receptor Inhibition with Tezosentan in Acute heart failure Study (VERITAS). Am. Heart J. 2005,150,46–53.[CrossRef] 5.Tomasoni, D.; Lombardi, C.M.; Sbolli, M.; Cotter, G.; Metra, M. Acute heart failure: More questions than answers. Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis. 2020, 63, 599–606. [CrossRef][PubMed]
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.