Keywords
How to Cite
Abstract
External quality assessment (EQA) and Internal Quality control (IQC) are an alternative tool to cross-checking of blood slides in the quality control of malaria microscopy. This study was aimed to check EQA and IQA of malaria microscopy in El Obeid City North Kordofan. A total of 76 laboratories (55%private and 45%public) were participated in the study.
A well-designed questionnaire plus five blood films (two negative and three positive films with different parasitaemia; (low, moderate and high) were distributed for each laboratory under study. Two slides (stained and unstained) blood films and one ml of Geimsa stain were collected from each laboratory.
The study revealed that, most of laboratories were using Geimsa, but the EQA and IQC for both staff and stain were demonstrated poor performance. Although, only 20% had a record for malaria results, 50% of laboratories reporting only whether the parasite identified or not. 75% were using only thick blood film. The results of the five blood films were; 61% were correct clear negative, 49% were negative with artifacts, while the three positive slides were correctly as follows; low (49%), moderate (76%) and (59%) of high parasite density.
The major errors include; not reporting the density of malaria low (50%), moderate (31%) and high parasite (13%), but those reporting wrong were low ( 24%,) moderate (39%) and high parasite (24%).
The study concludes that, the EQA and IQC of microscopical examinations for malaria parasite in laboratories in ElObeid were acceptable,further training courses and effective quality assurance scheme were needed.
References
Colwell, Douglas D., Filipe Dantas-Torres, and Domenico Otranto. "Vector-borne parasitic zoonoses: emerging scenarios and new perspectives." Veterinary parasitology 182.1 (2011): 14-21.
Reisinger, Emil C., et al. "Diarrhea caused by primarily non-gastrointestinal infections." Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology 2.5 (2005): 216.
Cox, Francis EG. "History of the discovery of the malaria parasites and their vectors." Parasites & vectors 3.1 (2010): 5.
Waitayakul, Amornrat, et al. "Natural human humoral response to salivary gland proteins of Anopheles mosquitoes in Thailand." Acta tropica 98.1 (2006): 66- 73.
Wilson, Mary E., Anu Kantele, and T. Sakari Jokiranta. "Review of cases with the emerging fifth human malaria parasite, Plasmodium knowlesi." Clinical infectious diseases 52.11 (2011): 1356- 1362.
Baird, J. Kevin. "Evidence and implications of mortality associated with acute Plasmodium vivax malaria." Clinical microbiology reviews 26.1 (2013): 36-57.
Azikiwe, C. C. A., et al. "A comparative laboratory diagnosis of malaria: microscopy versus rapid diagnostic test kits." Asian Pacific journal of tropical biomedicine 2.4 (2012): 307-310.
Tangpukdee, Noppadon, et al. "Malaria diagnosis: a brief review." The Korean journal of parasitology 47.2 (2009): 93.
Ndao, Momar, et al. "Comparison of blood smear, antigen detection, and nested-PCR methods for screening refugees from regions where malaria is endemic after a malaria outbreak in Quebec, Canada." Journal of clinical microbiology 42.6 (2004): 2694- 2700.
Karunamoorthi, K. "Vector control: a cornerstone in the malaria elimination campaign." Clinical Microbiology and Infection 17.11 (2011): 1608- 1616.
Walker, K., and M. Lynch. "Contributions of Anopheles larval control to malaria suppression in tropical Africa: review of achievements and potential." Medical and veterinary entomology 21.1 (2007): 2-21.
Raghavendra, Kamaraju, et al. "Malaria vector control: from past to future." Parasitology research 108.4 (2011): 757-779.
Franco-Paredes, Carlos, and Jose Ignacio Santos- Preciado. "Problem pathogens: prevention of malaria in travellers." The Lancet infectious diseases 6.3 (2006): 139- 149.
Lalloo, David G., and David R. Hill. "Preventing malaria in travellers." Bmj 336.7657 (2008): 1362- 1366.
Merghni, M. A. E. M., Elfaki, T. E. M., Alla, A. B. A., Elsadig, A. A., & Saad, M. B. E. A. Evaluation of Malaria Diagnosis in Dongola City Laboratories, Northern State, Sudan.Journal of European Academic Research. (2016). 4(2):917-932
Mukadi, P., Gillet, P., Lukuka, A., Atua, B., Kahodi, S., Lokombe, J., ... & Jacobs, J. (2011). External quality assessment of malaria microscopy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Malaria journal, 10(1), 308.
Hamdy, G. A. A., & Aljafari, A. S. Capacity of the clinical laboratories of the private sector at Khartoum state-Sudan for the parasite-based malaria diagnosis. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, (2017). 10(1), 211
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.