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Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors have become an important approach in cancer treatment by enhancing the immune system’s ability to recognize and destroy tumor cells. This review examines the mechanisms of PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA-4, and LAG-3 inhibition, their clinical applications, predictive biomarkers, immune -related adverse events, and treatment resistance. Despite promising results, treatment effectiveness depends on tumor characteristics and individual patient factors. Further research may improve patient selection and treatment outcomes.
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