THE STATE AND DISTRIBUTION OF WATER IN WHEAT GRAINS DURING RIPENING
Keywords:
wheat grain, ripening, water content, bound water, free water, moisture distribution, endosperm, embryo, grain qualityAbstract
The process of wheat grain ripening is accompanied by significant physiological and biochemical changes, among which the state and distribution of water play a crucial role. This study investigates the dynamics of water content, its binding forms, and spatial distribution within wheat grains at different stages of maturation. During early developmental stages, grains contain a high proportion of free water, which ensures active metabolic processes, cell division, and nutrient transport. As ripening progresses, the total moisture content decreases, and water gradually transitions into bound forms associated with macromolecules such as proteins, starch, and cell wall components. This shift contributes to structural stabilization and prepares the grain for storage and dormancy. The distribution of water within grain tissues—endosperm, embryo, and outer layers—becomes increasingly heterogeneous, reflecting differences in biochemical composition and metabolic activity. The reduction of free water and increase in bound water are essential for improving grain quality, resistance to mechanical damage, and long-term preservation. Understanding these processes provides important insights for optimizing harvesting time, storage conditions, and processing technologies in agriculture.
References
1. Elmuradov, B., Saitkulov, F., Mirvaliev, Z., Ibragimov, A., Karimov, S., & Karimov, B. (2025, February). Synthesis of urea derivatives based on toluyl isocyanate. In AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 3268, No. 1). AIP Publishing.
2. Saitkulov, F., Zakhidov, Q., Khaydarov, G., Sabirova, D., Ergasheva, H., Mirvaliev, Z., & Usnatdinova, S. (2025, February). Methods for the synthesis of 2-phenylquinazolin-4-one and studying methylation reactions in different solvents. In AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 3268, No. 1). AIP Publishing.
3. Ashurova Z. B., Khaydarov G. Sh., Saitkulov F. E., Giyasov K. (2024). Determination of Certain Heavy Metals in Food Composition by Voltammetric Method. Austrian Journal of Technical and Natural Sciences 2024, No 3 – 4. https://doi.org/10.29013/AJT-24-11.12-47-51
4. Saitkulov F.E., Qayumova F. Synthesis of coordination compounds based on cobalt(ii) salts and quinazolin-4-ONE and the study of their biological activity // Universum: химия и биология : электрон. научн. журн. 2025. 2(128). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/nature/archive/item/19240
5. Akhmedova, N., Elmuradov, B., & Saitkulov, F. (2024). Optimal synthesis methods and biological activity study of 2-(4-nitrophenil) quinazolin-4-one. Multidisciplinary Journal of Science and Technology, 4(12), 1192-1200.
6. Shoyimovich, K. G., Orinbaevna, B. G., & Ergashevich, S. F. (2024). Synthesis and study of biological activity of coordination compounds based on copper (ii) nitrate and quinazolin-4-one. Austrian Journal of Technical & Natural Sciences.
7. Shoyimovich, K. G., Ergashevich, S. F., & Kuchkar, G. (2024). Determination of certain heavy metals in food composition by voltammetric method. Austrian Journal of Technical & Natural Sciences.
8. Abduxakimovich, Z. F., Ergashevich, S. F., Jurayevich, E. B., & Xurramovich, A. R. (2024). Study of benzylation reactions of quinazolin-4-one in the presence of various solvents. Austrian Journal of Technical and Natural Sciences, 52.
9. Bekboyevich, O. O., Ergashevich, S. F., Zoxidovich, M. Z., & Orinaevna, B. G. (2024). Investigation of aromatic properties of xinazolin-4-one. Austrian Journal of Technical & Natural Sciences.
10. Juraevich, E. C., Ergashevich, S. F., Kuchkar, G., & Kilichovna, M. N. (2024). Convenient synthesis of 2-methylquinazolin-4-thione based on anthranyl acid. austrian journal of technical and natural sciences, 26.
11. Саиткулов, Ф. Э., Элмурадов, Б. Ж., & Гиясов, К. (2023). Алкилирования хиназолин-4-она «мягким» и «жестким» алкилирующими агентами. Universum: химия и биология, (1-2 (103)), 53-56.
12. Baymuratova, G., Nasimov, K., & Saitkulov, F. (2023). Synthesis of 6-benzylaminopurine and the study of biological active properties of cotton C-6424 plants. In E3S Web of Conferences (Vol. 389, p. 03032). EDP Sciences.
13. Saitkulov, F., Qilichyeva, N., Abdullayev, B., Anvarov, A., & Ergasheva, M. (2022). Titrimetric analysis of calcium cation in" megaton" variety of cabbage. International Bulletin of Applied Science and Technology, 2(10), 134-135.
14. Саиткулов, Ф. Э., Гиясов, К., & Элмурадов, Б. Ж. (2022). Метилирование 2-метилхиназолин-4-она «мягкими» и «жесткими» метилирующими агентами. Universum: химия и биология, (11-2 (101)), 49-51.
15. Boymuratova, G. O., Saitkulov, F. E., Nasimov, K. M., & Tugalov, M. (2022). To Examine the Processes of Biochemical Action Of 6-Benzylaminopurine with Cobalt-II Nitrate Dihydrate on the “Morus Alba” Variety of Moraceae Plant. Eurasian Journal of Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics, 3, 39-42.
16. Saitkulov, F., Begimqulov, I., Oʻralova, N., Gulimmatova, R., & Rahmonqulova, D. (2022). Biochemical effects of the coordination compound of cobalt-II nitrate quinazolin-4-one with 3-indolyl acetic acid in the “amber” plants grades phaseolus aureus. Академические исследования в современной науке, 1(17), 263-267.
17. Saitkulov, F., Ibragimov, B. R., Allaqulova, M., Umarov, S., & Xolmatova, M. (2022). The role in the plant and the functions of nutrients. Инновационные исследования в науке, 1(16), 29-31.
18. Saitkulov, F., Elmuradov, B., O’lmasova, K., & Alijonova, A. (2023). preparation of a mixed coordination compound cobalt-ii nitrate hexahydrate with quinazoline-4-one and 3-indolylacetic acid on “amber” plants of the phaseolus aureus variety. Science and innovation in the education system, 2(1), 81-87.
