ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE: WHY SOME DRUGS DON’T WORK AS INTENDED?

Misbahul Chowdhury; Abdul Rahoof Nisthar; Sathish Sanker Singh Karizma; Arvind Srinivas

Authors

Misbahul Chowdhury Medical Student , Samarkand State Medical University, Uzbekistan
Abdul Rahoof Nisthar Medical Student , Samarkand State Medical University, Uzbekistan
Sathish Sanker Singh Karizma Medical Student , Samarkand State Medical University, Uzbekistan
Arvind Srinivas Medical Student , Samarkand State Medical University, Uzbekistan

Keywords:

Antibiotic resistance, antimicrobial resistance, MRSA, ESKAPE pathogens, Bacteriophage therapy, CRISPR antimicrobials, Antibiotic stewardship, NDM-1, WHO GLASS 2025, Horizontal gene transfer

Abstract

Antibiotics changed everything. For the first time in human history, a simple bacterial infection was no longer a death sentence. Pneumonia, sepsis, tuberculosis — diseases that had killed without mercy for centuries — became treatable within days. Then bacteria did what they have always done throughout billions of years of evolution. They adapted! Antibiotic resistance has quietly become one of the defining medical crises of this century.