ACUMEN: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
type: channel
description: ISSN: 3060-4745 IF(Impact Factor)10.41 / 2024 It was registered in the Information and Mass Communications Agency under the Administration of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan on September 2, 2024 with certificate No. 379229. Title: "ACUMEN: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH" Year of publication: 2024 Site link: https://universalpublishings.com/index.php/aijmr Duration: 1 time in 1 month (12 issues in 1 year) Specialization (areas): 1. Exact sciences 2. Natural sciences 3. Philological sciences 4. Pedagogical sciences 5. Social and humanitarian sciences 6. Medical sciences 7. Psychological sciences 8. Economic sciences 9. Technical sciences 10. Art and culture Chief editor: Eshkaraev S. Ch. - Head of the Department of Natural Sciences of Termiz University of Economics and Service, Doctor of Philosophy in Chemistry Responsible secretary: Boboyorov. S. He is a graduate student of the Termiz branch of the Tashkent Medical Academy Prepared for publication: Eshkorayev. S. S. - Master's student of Termiz State University of Engineering and Agro-Technology
publisher: Research Science and Innovation House
language: en
publication name: ACUMEN: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
issn: 3060-4745
items: SURXONDARYO VILOYATI YERUSTI SUVLARI TARKIBIDAGI METALL IONLARI MIQDORINI VOLTAMPERMETRIK USULDA ANIQLASH
items: YUQUMLI KASALLIKLAR BILAN KASALLANGAN BEMORLARNING PSIXO-EMOTSIONAL XUSUSIYATLARI
items: NURLANISH: BIOTIBBIYOT VA ONKOLOGIYADAGI YANGI IMKONIYATLAR
items: MALNUTRITION IN CHILDREN: UNDERSTANDING CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES, AND EVIDENCE-BASED PREVENTION STRATEGIES
items: ERTA ANTIBIOTIKOTERAPIYANING 0–3 YOSHDAGI BOLALARDA ICHAK MIKROBIOMASI VA IMMUN JAVOBGA UZOQ MUDDATLI TA’SIRI
items: SEPSIS VA XIRURGIK INFEKSIYALARNI BOSHQARISH: ZAMONAVIY KLINIK YONDASHUVLAR
items: KIMYONING BUGUNGI KUNDAGI DOLZARB MUAMMOLARI
items: LYUMINOFORLAR
items: Suvni tozalashning yangi sorbentlari
items: ADOLATLI IJTIMOIY SIYOSAT YURITISH, INSON KAPITALINI RIVOJLANTIRISH
items: BIOMASSADAN YOQILG‘I VA KIMYOVIY MODDALAR AJRATIB OLISH
items: GLOBAL MUAMMOLARNING MILLIY VA MINTAQAVIY DARAJADAGI YECHIMLARINI TOPISH
items: DARAXT POYALARIDAN ADSORBENT OLISH USULLARI
items: TANA VAZNI INDEKSI VA METABOLIK RISKLAR
items: MULOQAT: SHIFOKOR VA BEMOR MULOQATINING PSIXOLOGIK XUSUSIYATLARI. TIBBIYOT XODIMLARIDA EMOTSIONAL HOLATLARNING OʻZIGA XOSLIGI: STRESS VA UNING BOSQICHLARI,BARTARAF ETISH YOʻLLARI
items: METHANOGEN BAKTERIYALAR FAOLLIGINI OSHIRISHDA BIOSTIMULYATORLARNING TA’SIRI
items: BANANNI TABIIY SHAROITDA QURITISHNI TAKOMILLASHTIRISH
items: FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF THERMODYNAMICS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS IN MODERN SCIENCE
items: “VATAN — ONAMDEK AZIZ, TUPROG‘IDEK MUQADDAS”
items: SHUKUR XOLMIRZAYEV ASARLARIDA INSON RUHIYATI VA ICHKI KECHINMALARI
items: AL-HAKIM AT-TERMIZIYNING HAYOTI VA IJODI
items: “TERMIZ ORQALI O‘TUVCHI XALQARO TRANSPORT YO‘LAKLARI XAVFSIZLIGINI HUQUQIY TA’MINLASH”
items: VODOROD ENERGETIKASI VA UNI OLISHNING KIMYOVIY USULLARI
items: O‘ZBEKISTON TINCHLIK, BAG‘RIKENGLIK VA MA’RIFAT O‘LKASI
items: THE CONCEPT OF BALANCE SHEET AND ITS ROLE IN THE ACCOUNTING PROCESS
items: HARBIY XIZMATCHILAR UCHUN MAXSUS JISMONIY MASHG’ULOTLAR DASTURIN I ISHLAB CHIQISH VA SAMARADORLIGINI BAHOLASH USULLARI.
items: HOMILADORLIKDA DORI VOSITALARINI QO'LLASH: XAVF VA FOYDA TAHLILI
items: METHODOLOGY OF TEACHING ENGLISH IN CONTEMPORARY CLASSROOMS
items: IMKONIYATI CHEKLANGAN BEMORLARNING PSIXOLOGIK XUSUSIYATLARI
items: NEUSTOYKA - FUQAROLIK HUQUQIDA MAJBURIYATNI BAJARILISHINI TA`MINLASH USULI SIFATIDA

SURXONDARYO VILOYATI YERUSTI SUVLARI TARKIBIDAGI METALL IONLARI MIQDORINI VOLTAMPERMETRIK USULDA ANIQLASH
type: item
description: Ushbu maqolada Surxondaryo viloyati yerusti suvlari tarkibidagi metall ionlarini voltampermetrik usulda aniqlashning ilmiy-amaliy ahamiyati, metodik asoslari, namuna olish tartibi, tahlil jarayonining bosqichlari va ekologik monitoringdagi o‘rni yoritiladi. Surxondaryo viloyati Amudaryo havzasi bilan bog‘liq bo‘lgan murakkab gidroekologik hudud hisoblanadi. Viloyat hududida Surxondaryo, To‘palangdaryo, Qoratog‘daryo, Sheroboddaryo, kanallar, suv omborlari va kollektor-drenaj tarmoqlari mavjud bo‘lib, ular qishloq xo‘jaligi, ichimlik suvi ta’minoti, sanoat va maishiy ehtiyojlarda muhim manba sifatida foydalaniladi. Metall ionlari, xususan Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, Pb²⁺, Cd²⁺, Fe³⁺, Mn²⁺, Ni²⁺ va Cr³⁺ ionlarining suvda ortiqcha to‘planishi suv ekotizimlari, tuproq unumdorligi, o‘simliklar fiziologiyasi va inson salomatligi uchun xavf tug‘dirishi mumkin. Voltampermetrik usul metall ionlarini past konsentratsiyalarda aniqlashga imkon beradigan sezgir, nisbatan tezkor va laboratoriya hamda dala monitoringi uchun qulay elektroanalitik metodlardan biridir. O‘zbekiston gidrometeorologik monitoring tizimida og‘ir metallar qatorida mis, rux, kadmiy, temir, simob va xrom kabi ko‘rsatkichlar kuzatilishi qayd etilgan.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Surxondaryo, yerusti suvlari, metall ionlari, voltampermetriya, anodli stripping voltampermetriya, mis, rux, qo‘rg‘oshin, kadmiy, ekologik monitoring, suv sifati.
  topic: keywords
creator: Jumayeva Zulxumor Ergashevna,
creator: Qoryog‘diyeva Nilufar Jura qizi
creator: Jo‘rayeva Sitora Soatmurod qizi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-11
publication date: 2026-05-11
starting page: 80
ending page: 87

YUQUMLI KASALLIKLAR BILAN KASALLANGAN BEMORLARNING PSIXO-EMOTSIONAL XUSUSIYATLARI
type: item
description: Ushbu maqolada yuqumli kasalliklar bilan kasallangan bemorlarning psixo-emotsional xususiyatlari tibbiyot va psixologiya fanlarining birgalikdagi nuqtai nazaridan o'rganilgan. Xorijiy va mahalliy manbalar asosida tashvish, depressiya, ijtimoiy stigma, izolyatsiya ta'siri va kurashish strategiyalari kabi asosiy mavzular tahlil etilgan. Tadqiqotlar natijalari shuni ko'rsatadiki, yuqumli kasalliklar bemorlarga nafaqat jismoniy, balki kuchli ruhiy ta'sir ham ko'rsatadi. Maqolada psixologik yordamning tibbiy davolash jarayonidagi ahamiyati alohida ta'kidlanadi.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: yuqumli kasallik, psixo-emotsional holat, tashvish, depressiya, stigma, kurashish strategiyasi, psixologik yordam
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhabbat Shamayeva Baratovna
creator: Xudoyqulova Fotima Sherzod qizi
creator: Istamova Durdona Rustam qizi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-11
publication date: 2026-05-11
starting page: 493
ending page: 499

NURLANISH: BIOTIBBIYOT VA ONKOLOGIYADAGI YANGI IMKONIYATLAR
type: item
description: Nurlanish bugungi tibbiyotda faqat rentgen tasvir olish vositasi emas, balki kasallikni erta aniqlash, o‘sma hujayralarini molekulyar darajada nishonga olish, radioterapiya dozalarini shaxsiylashtirish, yadro tibbiyoti orqali tashxis va davolashni birlashtirish hamda davolash samaradorligini nazorat qilish imkonini beruvchi strategik texnologik platformaga aylanmoqda. Maqolada radiobiologik asoslar, tashqi nur terapiyasi, braxiterapiya, radiofarm preparatlar, pozitron-emission tomografiya, sun’iy intellekt asosidagi rejalashtirish va O‘zbekiston onkologiya-radiologiya tizimidagi amaliy imkoniyatlar ko‘rib chiqildi. Natijalar shuni ko‘rsatadiki, nurlanish texnologiyalarining klinik qiymati ularning aniqligi, ko‘p tarmoqli davolashga moslashuvchanligi va sog‘lom to‘qimalarni asrash salohiyati bilan belgilanadi. Shu bilan birga, radiatsion xavfsizlik, sifat nazorati, malakali kadrlar, standartlashtirilgan protokollar va texnik infratuzilma masalalari hal qiluvchi ahamiyatga ega.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: nurlanish, radioterapiya, yadro tibbiyoti, onkologiya, biotibbiyot, braxiterapiya, radiofarm preparatlar, radiobiologiya, tibbiy tasvirlash, shaxsiylashtirilgan davolash.
  topic: keywords
creator: Yangiboyev Ulug‘bek
creator: Toshpo‘latova Sevinch
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-11
publication date: 2026-05-11
starting page: 500
ending page: 509

MALNUTRITION IN CHILDREN: UNDERSTANDING CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES, AND EVIDENCE-BASED PREVENTION STRATEGIES
type: item
description: Childhood malnutrition remains one of the most pressing public health challenges of the twenty-first century, affecting millions of children across high-income, middle-income, and low-income nations alike. The condition encompasses a spectrum of nutritional disorders, including undernutrition manifested as stunting, wasting, and micronutrient deficiencies, as well as the rising burden of overweight and obesity among pediatric populations. The first two years of life represent a particularly vulnerable window during which inadequate nutrition can cause irreversible damage to physical growth, cognitive development, and immune function. This narrative review examines the multifactorial etiology of childhood malnutrition, analyzes current global burden data, discusses the short-term and long-term health consequences, and evaluates evidence-based prevention and treatment interventions. By synthesizing recent findings from the World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), and peer-reviewed epidemiological literature, this article provides a comprehensive overview intended for healthcare professionals, policymakers, and public health practitioners committed to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals related to child survival and well-being.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Mahfuz mujeeb
creator: Hiba nasrin
creator: Jim Gautham
creator: Ilma khan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-11
publication date: 2026-05-11
starting page: 510
ending page: 523

ERTA ANTIBIOTIKOTERAPIYANING 0–3 YOSHDAGI BOLALARDA ICHAK MIKROBIOMASI VA IMMUN JAVOBGA UZOQ MUDDATLI TA’SIRI
type: item
description: 0–3 yoshdagi bolalarda erta antibiotikoterapiya ichak mikrobiomasida vaqtinchalik disbiozga sabab bo‘lib, o‘tkir ta’sir davrida xilma-xillikni pasaytiradi, ammo 1–2 oy ichida tiklanishni ta’minlaydi. Uzoq muddatli ta’sirlar patogenlar (masalan, Enterobacteriales)ni selektiv ravishda bostirish, umumiy xilma-xillikka minimal ta’sir va immun javobning o‘zgarishini o‘z ichiga oladi, bu allergiya, metabolik buzilishlar va vaktsina immunogenligi o‘zgarishlari xavfini oshirishi mumkin. Ehtiyotkorlik bilan qo‘llash mikrobial muvozanatni saqlash va salbiy salomatlik yo‘nalishlarini yumshatish uchun zarur.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Ichak mikrobiomasi, erta antibiotiklar, chaqaloq disbiozi, immun javob, uzoq muddatli ta’sir, salomatlik natijalari, mikrobial tiklanish.
  topic: keywords
creator: Xolboyev Norbek Aliniyazovichg
creator: Allamurodova Baxtugul Boymurodovna
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-11
publication date: 2026-05-11
starting page: 524
ending page: 531

SEPSIS VA XIRURGIK INFEKSIYALARNI BOSHQARISH: ZAMONAVIY KLINIK YONDASHUVLAR
type: item
description: Sepsis va xirurgik infeksiyalar zamonaviy tibbiyotda, ayniqsa umumiy va shoshilinch jarrohlik amaliyotida, eng og‘ir va hayot uchun xavfli patologik holatlar qatoriga kiradi. Jahon statistik ma’lumotlariga ko‘ra, sepsis har yili 49 milliondan ortiq bemorda rivojlanadi va ularning taxminan 11 millioni vafot etadi, bu esa global mortalitetning sezilarli qismini tashkil etadi. Xirurgik infeksiyalar esa operatsiyadan keyingi asoratlarning 20–30% ini tashkil etib, sepsis rivojlanishining asosiy manbalaridan biri hisoblanadi. So‘nggi yillarda antibiotik rezistentlikning ortishi, invaziv muolajalar ko‘payishi va komorbid holatlar (diabet, semizlik, immunosupressiya) sepsisning klinik kechishini yanada og‘irlashtirmoqda. Shu sababli sepsisni erta aniqlash, manbani nazorat qilish va intensiv terapiya strategiyalarini takomillashtirish dolzarb ilmiy va amaliy muammo bo‘lib qolmoqda.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Sepsis, septik shok, xirurgik infeksiya, intraabdominal infeksiya, yiringli jarayon, antibiotik terapiya.
  topic: keywords
creator: Aminqulov Shaxrijahon O‘tkir o‘g‘li
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-11
publication date: 2026-05-11
starting page: 532
ending page: 535

KIMYONING BUGUNGI KUNDAGI DOLZARB MUAMMOLARI
type: item
description: Mazkur maqolada kimyo fanining bugungi kundagi dolzarb muammolari, jumladan ekologik ifloslanish, tabiiy resurslarning kamayib borishi, yashil kimyo tamoyillarini joriy etish hamda innovatsion texnologiyalarning rivojlanishi bilan bog‘liq masalalar atroflicha tahlil qilinadi. Ayniqsa, sanoat korxonalaridan ajralib chiqayotgan zararli moddalar, atmosfera, suv va tuproqning ifloslanish darajasi hamda ularning biosferaga salbiy ta’siri masalalariga alohida e’tibor qaratiladi.Shuningdek, kimyo sanoatining atrof-muhitga ko‘rsatayotgan ta’siri, ekologik muvozanatning buzilishi va inson salomatligiga xavf tug‘diruvchi omillar ilmiy jihatdan asoslab beriladi. Ushbu muammolarni kamaytirish maqsadida chiqindilarni qayta ishlash, ekologik xavfsiz texnologiyalarni keng joriy etish, resurslardan oqilona foydalanish hamda energiya tejamkor usullarni qo‘llash zarurligi ko‘rsatib o‘tiladi.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject:
  topic: keywords
  value: kimyo, ekologik muammolar, yashil kimyo, resurslar tanqisligi, kimyo sanoati, innovatsiya, barqaror rivojlanish, atrof-muhit muhofazasi, qayta tiklanuvchi energiya, chiqindilarni qayta ishlash, ekologik xavfsizlik, sanoat chiqindilari, global isish, iqlim o‘zgarishi,
creator: Elomonova Nozima G‘ulom qizi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-11
publication date: 2026-05-11
starting page: 536
ending page: 542

LYUMINOFORLAR
type: item
description: Mazkur ilmiy maqolada lyuminoforlarning fizik-kimyoviy xossalari, ularning tuzilishi, energiya yutishi va yorug‘lik chiqarish mexanizmlari tahlil qilingan. Shuningdek, lyuminoforlarning sanoat, tibbiyot, elektronika hamda zamonaviy yoritish texnologiyalaridagi qo‘llanilish sohalari yoritilgan. Tadqiqot davomida lyuminofor materiallarning samaradorligini oshirish, energiya tejamkorligini ta’minlash va ekologik xavfsizligini kuchaytirish masalalari ko‘rib chiqilgan. Maqolada lyuminoforlarning istiqbolli turlari hamda ularning innovatsion texnologiyalardagi ahamiyati ilmiy jihatdan asoslab berilgan.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Lyuminofor, fotolyuminessensiya, luminestsensiya, fosfor materiallari, energiya samaradorligi, LED texnologiyasi, optik materiallar, yorug‘lik chiqarish, nanomateriallar.
  topic: keywords
creator: Elomonova Nozima G‘ulom qizi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-11
publication date: 2026-05-11
starting page: 543
ending page: 549

Suvni tozalashning yangi sorbentlari
type: item
description: Ushbu maqolada suvni tozalashda qo‘llaniladigan yangi sorbentlar, ularning kimyoviy tarkibi, ishlash mexanizmi va ekologik ahamiyati yoritiladi. Suv resurslarining sanoat chiqindilari, og‘ir metallar, organik bo‘yoqlar, neft mahsulotlari, pestitsidlar va mikroplastiklar bilan ifloslanishi zamonaviy ekologiyaning dolzarb muammolaridan biridir. An’anaviy tozalash usullari har doim ham yetarli samaradorlik bermaydi. Shu sababli nanozarrachalar, biochar, modifikatsiyalangan tabiiy minerallar, polimer sorbentlar, metall-organik karkaslar va kompozit materiallar asosidagi yangi sorbentlar suvni chuqur tozalashda istiqbolli yo‘nalish hisoblanadi.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: sorbent, adsorbsiya, suvni tozalash, og‘ir metallar, biochar, zeolit, nanozarrachalar, aktiv ko‘mir, kompozit sorbentlar.
  topic: keywords
creator: Boʻriyeva Muhabbat Mamayusuf qizi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-11
publication date: 2026-05-11
starting page: 550
ending page: 553

ADOLATLI IJTIMOIY SIYOSAT YURITISH, INSON KAPITALINI RIVOJLANTIRISH
type: item
description: Mazkur maqolada adolatli ijtimoiy siyosat va inson kapitalini rivojlantirish masalalari O‘zbekistonning zamonaviy taraqqiyot strategiyasi, ijtimoiy davlat tamoyili, ta’lim, sog‘liqni saqlash, bandlik, kambag‘allikni qisqartirish va mahalla tizimi bilan uzviy bog‘liq holda tahlil qilinadi.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject:
  topic: keywords
  value: Adolatli ijtimoiy siyosat, inson kapitali, ijtimoiy davlat, inson qadri, ta’lim sifati, sog‘liqni saqlash, bandlik, kambag‘allikni qisqartirish, mahalla, ijtimoiy himoya, kasbiy kompetensiya, Yangi O‘zbekiston.
creator: Nurmamatova Gulnoza
creator: Boboyeva Sitora
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-13
publication date: 2026-05-13
starting page: 483
ending page: 492

BIOMASSADAN YOQILG‘I VA KIMYOVIY MODDALAR AJRATIB OLISH
type: item
description: Ushbu maqolada biomassadan yoqilg‘i va kimyoviy moddalar ajratib olishning asosiy usullari, texnologik bosqichlari, ekologik va iqtisodiy ahamiyati yoritiladi. Biomassa o‘simlik qoldiqlari, yog‘och chiqindilari, qishloq xo‘jaligi mahsulotlari, oziq-ovqat sanoati chiqindilari va organik maishiy chiqindilardan iborat qayta tiklanuvchi xomashyo hisoblanadi. Undan bioetanol, biodizel, biogaz, biochar, organik kislotalar, furfural, levulin kislotasi va boshqa qimmatli mahsulotlar olish mumkin.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: biomassa, bioyoqilg‘i, bioetanol, biodizel, biogaz, piroliz, gazlashtirish, fermentatsiya, yashil kimyo.
  topic: keywords
creator: Boʻriyeva Muhabbat Mamayusuf qizi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-11
publication date: 2026-05-11
starting page: 554
ending page: 557

GLOBAL MUAMMOLARNING MILLIY VA MINTAQAVIY DARAJADAGI YECHIMLARINI TOPISH
type: item
description: Mazkur maqolada global muammolar, ularning milliy va mintaqaviy darajadagi namoyon bo‘lish shakllari, O‘zbekiston sharoitida ularni hal etishning siyosiy, iqtisodiy, ekologik, ijtimoiy va ma’naviy mexanizmlari tahlil qilinadi.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject:
  topic: keywords
  value: Global muammolar, milliy yechim, mintaqaviy hamkorlik, barqaror rivojlanish, iqlim o‘zgarishi, suv xavfsizligi, Orolbo‘yi, ekologik madaniyat, oziq-ovqat xavfsizligi, inson xavfsizligi, Markaziy Osiyo, O‘zbekiston - 2030.
creator: Xudoyberdiyeva Sarvinoz
creator: Boboyeva Sitora
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-13
publication date: 2026-05-13
starting page: 475
ending page: 482

DARAXT POYALARIDAN ADSORBENT OLISH USULLARI
type: item
description: Ushbu maqolada daraxt poyalaridan adsorbent olish usullari, ularning fizik-kimyoviy xususiyatlari hamda suv va havoni tozalashdagi amaliy qo‘llanilishi tahlil qilinadi. Daraxt poyalari tarkibidagi lignin, selluloza va gemiselluloza asosida yuqori g‘ovakli adsorbent materiallar olish mumkinligi ko‘rsatib berilgan. Shuningdek, aktivatsiya jarayonlari, termik ishlov berish va kimyoviy modifikatsiya usullari yoritilgan
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: adsorbent, daraxt poyasi, aktivlangan ko‘mir, biochar, piroliz, sorbsiya, ekologiya, suvni tozalash.
  topic: keywords
creator: Mukimova Dinara Ulugbekovna
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-11
publication date: 2026-05-11
starting page: 558
ending page: 563

TANA VAZNI INDEKSI VA METABOLIK RISKLAR
type: item
description: Tana Vazni Indeksi (TVI) tushunchasi, uning hisoblash usullari va endokrin tizim patologiyalari rivojlanishidagi o‘rni tahlil qilinadi. TVI ko‘rsatkichlarining leptinrezistentlik, insulinrezistentlik va visseral semizlik bilan korrelyatsiyasi chet el klinik standartlari (JSST, Harvard) asosida ilmiy asoslangan.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Tana vazni indeksi (TVI), BMI, semizlik, metabolik gomeostaz, insulinrezistentlik, visseral yog‘, endokrinologik monitoring, adipokinlar.
  topic: keywords
creator: Kattaboyeva Muhayyo Nurmuhammad qizi
creator: Choriyeva Elsevar Erkinovna
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-11
publication date: 2026-05-11
starting page: 564
ending page: 570

MULOQAT: SHIFOKOR VA BEMOR MULOQATINING PSIXOLOGIK XUSUSIYATLARI. TIBBIYOT XODIMLARIDA EMOTSIONAL HOLATLARNING OʻZIGA XOSLIGI: STRESS VA UNING BOSQICHLARI,BARTARAF ETISH YOʻLLARI
type: item
description: Ushbu maqolada shifokor va bemor o'rtasidagi muloqatning psixologik xususiyatlari hamda tibbiyot xodimlarida kuzatiladigan emotsional holatlarning o'ziga xosligi keng yoritilgan. Tadqiqot doirasida tibbiy muloqatning asosiy modellari, kommunikativ kompetentlik tushunchasi, bemor bilan ishonchli munosabat o'rnatishning ahamiyati tahlil qilingan. Bundan tashqari, tibbiyot xodimlarida stress omillarining yuzaga kelish sabablari, stressning asosiy bosqichlari (alarm, rezistentlik, charchash) va ularning kasbiy faoliyatga ta'siri o'rganilgan. Maqolada emotsional charchash va kasbiy deformatsiya (burnout) sindromining belgilari hamda oldini olish choralari batafsil ko'rib chiqilgan. Stressni bartaraf etishning samarali usullari: kognitiv-xulq-atvor terapiyasi, mindfulness, superviziya va guruh ishining ahamiyati asoslanib berilgan.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: : tibbiy muloqat, shifokor-bemor munosabati, emotsional stress, kasbiy charchash, stressni boshqarish, kommunikativ kompetentlik, psixologik salomatlik
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhabbat Shamayeva Baratovna
creator: Isomiddinova Zarnigor Odiljon qizi
creator: Istamova Durdona Rustam qizi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-11
publication date: 2026-05-11
starting page: 463
ending page: 474

METHANOGEN BAKTERIYALAR FAOLLIGINI OSHIRISHDA BIOSTIMULYATORLARNING TA’SIRI
type: item
description: Mazkur maqolada mol go‘ngi asosidagi anaerob fermentatsiya jarayonida methanogen bakteriyalar faolligini oshirish uchun turli biostimulyatorlardan foydalanish imkoniyatlari o‘rganildi. Tadqiqot davomida Bacillus subtilis va achitqining alohida hamda kompleks qo‘llanilishining gaz hosil bo‘lish tezligi, fermentatsiya davomiyligi, pH muhiti va metan hosildorligiga ta’siri tahlil qilindi. Olingan natijalar shuni ko‘rsatdiki, biostimulyatorlardan kompleks foydalanish anaerob parchalanish jarayonini tezlashtirib, metan hosil bo‘lish samaradorligini oshiradi. Tadqiqot natijalari biogaz texnologiyalarini takomillashtirish hamda qishloq xo‘jaligi chiqindilaridan ekologik xavfsiz energiya manbai sifatida foydalanish imkoniyatlarini kengaytirishga xizmat qiladi [1,3].
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: metanogen bakteriyalar, anaerob fermentatsiya, biogaz, Bacillus subtilis, achitqi, organik chiqindilar, biostimulyator, metan.
  topic: keywords
creator: Erkinjonova Rayhona Erkinjon qizi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-11
publication date: 2026-05-11
starting page: 457
ending page: 462

BANANNI TABIIY SHAROITDA QURITISHNI TAKOMILLASHTIRISH
type: item
description: Ushbu maqolada bananni tabiiy sharoitda quritish jarayonini takomillashtirishning ilmiy va amaliy jihatlari tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqotning asosiy maqsadi — quritish jarayonida mahsulot sifatini saqlab qolish, oziqaviy qiymatini maksimal darajada asrash hamda tabiiy yo‘qotishlarni kamaytirishga qaratilgan samarali usullarni ishlab chiqishdan iborat. Ish davomida banan mevasining fizik-kimyoviy xususiyatlari, namlikni yo‘qotish kinetikasi va quritish jarayoniga ta’sir etuvchi tashqi omillar (harorat, nisbiy namlik, havo aylanish tezligi) chuqur o‘rganildi. Tadqiqot natijalariga ko‘ra, quritish jarayonini optimallashtirish uchun mevalarni bir xil qalinlikda kesish, oldindan ishlov berish (antioksidant eritmalarda ushlab turish), hamda quyosh energiyasidan samarali foydalanadigan takomillashtirilgan quritish moslamalaridan foydalanish muhim ahamiyat kasb etadi. Shuningdek, tabiiy quritish jarayonida gigiyenik talablarni ta’minlash, chang va mikroorganizmlar ta’sirini kamaytirish orqali mahsulot xavfsizligini oshirish mumkinligi aniqlangan.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: banan, tabiiy quritish, quritish texnologiyasi, mahsulot sifati, namlikni kamaytirish, quyosh energiyasi, oziqaviy qiymat, samaradorlik
  topic: keywords
creator: Rustamjonov Muhammaddavron
creator: Sobirova Zebuniso
creator: Usmonov Kamoliddin
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-11
publication date: 2026-05-11
starting page: 450
ending page: 456

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF THERMODYNAMICS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS IN MODERN SCIENCE
type: item
description: This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the fundamental principles of thermodynamics and their extensive applications in modern scientific disciplines. Thermodynamics is a core branch of physics that investigates the relationships between heat, work, energy, and entropy within physical systems. The study systematically examines the four laws of thermodynamics and their implications for energy transformation, equilibrium states, and irreversible processes. In addition, the article highlights the interdisciplinary significance of thermodynamics in contemporary science and technology. Its applications extend to engineering systems such as internal combustion engines, refrigeration and power plants, as well as to biological and medical systems where energy metabolism, cellular respiration, and thermal regulation are critically governed by thermodynamic laws. The research emphasizes that thermodynamic principles provide a universal framework for understanding both macroscopic and microscopic processes in nature.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Thermodynamics, energy transformation, entropy, heat transfer, thermodynamic laws, equilibrium, irreversible processes, energy systems, biological thermodynamics, modern science.
  topic: keywords
creator: Ochildiyev Hasan Bahodir o‘g‘li
creator: Eronqulova Sabrina
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-11
publication date: 2026-05-11
starting page: 446
ending page: 449

“VATAN — ONAMDEK AZIZ, TUPROG‘IDEK MUQADDAS”
type: item
description: Ushbu maqolada inson hayotidagi eng muqaddas ikki tushuncha - Ona va Vatan o‘rtasidagi ruhiy yaqinlik tahlil qilinadi. Muallif “Nega Vatan onaga qiyoslanadi?” degan savolga javob izlar ekan, ona mehri bilan yurt tuprog‘i o‘rtasidagi o‘xshashliklarni hayotiy misollar orqali yoritib beradi. Maqolada vatanparvarlik tuyg‘usi shunchaki dabdabali gap emas, balki onaga bo‘lgan cheksiz ehtirom va sadoqatning uzviy davomi ekanligi asoslab berilgan. Shuningdek, maqolada yurt tuprog‘ining muqaddasligi, kindik qoni to‘kilgan maskanning inson ruhiyatiga ta’siri hamda vatanni sevish imonning bir bo‘lagi ekanligi ta’kidlanadi. Mazkur ish kitobxonda vatanparvarlik tuyg‘usini uyg‘otish bilan birga, har bir qarich tuproqni ona kabi ardoqlashga chorlaydi.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Vatan, ona mehri, muqaddas tuproq, sadoqat, vatanparvarlik, ona bag‘ri, ma’naviy qadriyatlar, o‘zlikni anglash, kindik qoni, yurt ishqi, milliy g‘urur.
  topic: keywords
creator: Panjiyeva Muxlisa Sayfulla qizi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-11
publication date: 2026-05-11
starting page: 442
ending page: 445

SHUKUR XOLMIRZAYEV ASARLARIDA INSON RUHIYATI VA ICHKI KECHINMALARI
type: item
description: Ushbu maqolada Oʻzbekiston xalq yozuvchisi Shukur Xolmirzayev ijodida inson ruhiyati, ichki kechinmalar va qahramonlar xarakterining ochib berilish mahorati tahlil qilinadi. Adibning hikoya va romanlaridagi psixologik tasvir vositalari "Bodom qishda gulladi" kabi asarlar misolida koʻrib chiqiladi, shuningdek,O‘zbek adabiyotining yirik namoyandasi Shukur Xolmirzayev o‘z ijodi bilan milliy hikoyachilikni yangi bosqichga olib chiqqan adibdir. Uning asarlarini o‘qigan kitobxon shunchaki voqealar rivojini kuzatmaydi, balki qahramonning ichki dunyosi, ruhiy evrilishlari va murakkab kechinmalari girdobiga sho‘ng‘iydi. Xolmirzayev "inson ruhiyatining muhandisi" sifatida qahramonlari tilga olmagan, ammo qalbida kechayotgan titroqlarni mahorat bilan tasvirlaydi.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Ruhiy realizm, psixologizm, ichki monolog, xarakter, badiiy tasvir, epizod, syujet,tasvir, qahramon,badiiy mahorat, badiiy detal, ma'naviy izlanish, ziddiyat,ichki dunyo, inson ruhiyati.
  topic: keywords
creator: Bozorova Lola Ismoil qizi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-11
publication date: 2026-05-11
starting page: 436
ending page: 441

AL-HAKIM AT-TERMIZIYNING HAYOTI VA IJODI
type: item
description: Ushbu maqolada Al-Hakim at-Termiziyning hayoti, ilmiy faoliyati hamda tasavvuf ta’limoti rivojiga qo‘shgan hissasi izchil yoritiladi. Alloma IX asrda Termiz shahrida tug‘ilib, yoshligidan diniy ilmlarni chuqur egallagan, hadis, fiqh va tasavvuf sohalarida yetuk olim sifatida shakllangan. Maqolada uning ilmiy safarlari, ustozlari va o‘z davridagi ilmiy muhit bilan aloqalari haqida ham ma’lumot beriladi shuningdek, at-Termiziyning tasavvufiy qarashlari, xususan, “Xatm al-avliyo” asarida ilgari surilgan avliyolik tushunchasi, ruhiy kamolot bosqichlari va qalb pokligi haqidagi g‘oyalari tahlil qilinadi. Uning insonning ma’naviy yetuklikka erishish yo‘lidagi qarashlari, nafsni poklash va ilohiy muhabbatga erishish masalalariga alohida e’tibor qaratgani ko‘rsatib beriladi.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject:
  topic: keywords
  value: Al-Hakim at-Termiziy, tasavvuf, islom ilmlari, Termiz, hadis ilmi, fiqh, avliyolik, “Xatm al-avliyo”, ruhiy kamolot, qalb pokligi, nafs tarbiyasi, ilohiy muhabbat, mutasavviflar, islom tafakkuri, ilmiy meros, IX asr, sharq mutafakkirlari.
creator: Ahadov Fazliddin Najmiddin o’g’li
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-11
publication date: 2026-05-11
starting page: 431
ending page: 435

“TERMIZ ORQALI O‘TUVCHI XALQARO TRANSPORT YO‘LAKLARI XAVFSIZLIGINI HUQUQIY TA’MINLASH”
type: item
description: : Ushbu maqolada Termiz orqali o‘tuvchi xalqaro transport yo‘laklari xavfsizligini huquqiy ta’minlash masalalari milliy va xalqaro huquqiy asoslar doirasida tahlil qilingan. Maqolada O‘zbekiston Respublikasining transport sohasidagi qonunchiligi, xususan “Transport to‘g‘risida”, “Avtomobil transporti to‘g‘risida” hamda “Temir yo‘l transporti to‘g‘risida”gi qonunlarning transport xavfsizligini ta’minlashdagi o‘rni yoritilgan. Shuningdek, Jinoyat kodeksining transport xavfsizligi bilan bog‘liq normalari, terrorizm va noqonuniy yuk tashish xavflarining oldini olishga qaratilgan mexanizmlar tahlil etilgan. Shuningdek, xalqaro huquqiy hujjatlar, jumladan CMR, TIR, ADR, Chicago va Montreal konvensiyalarining xalqaro transport yo‘laklari xavfsizligini ta’minlashdagi ahamiyati ochib berilgan. Ayniqsa, Termiz-Hayraton-Mozori Sharif temir yo‘l yo‘nalishi hamda Transafg‘on transport koridorining mintaqaviy integratsiya, tranzit salohiyatini oshirish va Markaziy hamda Janubiy Osiyoni bog‘lashdagi strategik roli huquqiy jihatdan asoslab berilgan. Transport yo‘laklari xavfsizligini ta’minlashda bojxona nazorati, elektron hujjatlashtirish, risklarni boshqarish tizimi va xalqaro hamkorlikning muhimligini ta’kidlangan.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: xalqaro transport yo‘laklari, transport xavfsizligi, Termiz, Transafg‘on temir yo‘li, tranzit, CMR konvensiyasi, TIR tizimi, ADR konvensiyasi, bojxona nazorati, logistika, xalqaro huquq.
  topic: keywords
creator: Davlatova Shoira Shodavlatovna
creator: Ibragimova Munisa Xakim qizi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-11
publication date: 2026-05-11
starting page: 416
ending page: 430

VODOROD ENERGETIKASI VA UNI OLISHNING KIMYOVIY USULLARI
type: item
description: Ushbu maqolada vodorod energetikasining zamonaviy rivojlanish bosqichlari, uning energetika sohasidagi ahamiyati hamda vodorod olishning asosiy kimyoviy usullari keng yoritilgan. Vodorod ekologik toza yoqilg‘i sifatida qaralib, global energiya muammolarini hal etishda muhim rol o‘ynaydi. Maqolada suvning elektrolizi, tabiiy gazni bug‘-reforming usuli, biomassa asosida vodorod olish va boshqa zamonaviy texnologiyalar tahlil qilinadi. Shuningdek, ushbu usullarning samaradorligi, iqtisodiy jihatlari va ekologik ta’siri baholanadi. Tadqiqot natijalari vodorod energetikasini rivojlantirish istiqbollarini ko‘rsatadi.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: vodorod, vodorod energetikasi, elektroliz, reforming, kataliz,yashilenergiya
  topic: keywords
creator: Do‘satova Sevara Abdumo‘min qizi
creator: Orolova Gulsevar Mengniqul qizi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-11
publication date: 2026-05-11
starting page: 411
ending page: 415

O‘ZBEKISTON TINCHLIK, BAG‘RIKENGLIK VA MA’RIFAT O‘LKASI
type: item
description: Mazkur maqolada O‘zbekistonning tinchlik, bag‘rikenglik va ma’rifat o‘lkasi sifatidagi o‘rni, Vatanimizda chet el millat vakillari bilan hamdo‘stligi yoritiladi. Shuningdek, O‘zbekistonning boy tarixiy merosi va ma’naviy qadriyatlari asosida barpo etilgan bag‘rikeng jamiyatning ahamiyati ochib berilgan.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Tolerantlik, sabr-toqat, tinchlik, bag‘rikenglik, hamdo‘stlik, jamiyat, hurmat, vijdon erkinligi.
  topic: keywords
creator: Choriyev Nuriddin Xo'shboqov
creator: Nasrulloyeva Muborak Murodkulovna
creator: Xoliqov Adham Xakim o‘g‘li
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-11
publication date: 2026-05-11
starting page: 406
ending page: 410

THE CONCEPT OF BALANCE SHEET AND ITS ROLE IN THE ACCOUNTING PROCESS
type: item
description: This article provides an understanding of the balance sheet, which is the main document of accounting in banks. The balance sheet is based on the equality of assets and liabilities, its reflection of the financial condition of banks, and its role in the accounting process are analyzed based on local scientific literature. The structure, types, and its importance in the activities of banks are also highlighted
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: balance sheet, assets, liabilities, bank, accounting process, financial position, balance sheet equity
  topic: keywords
creator: Boykobulova Iroda Jontemir qizi
creator: Madaminova Zebo
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-10
publication date: 2026-05-10
starting page: 402
ending page: 405

HARBIY XIZMATCHILAR UCHUN MAXSUS JISMONIY MASHG’ULOTLAR DASTURIN I ISHLAB CHIQISH VA SAMARADORLIGINI BAHOLASH USULLARI.
type: item
description: Mazkur maqolada harbiy xizmatchilar uchun maxsus jismoniy mashg‘ulotlar dasturini ishlab chiqish hamda uning samaradorligini baholash usullari ilmiy-nazariy va amaliy jihatdan tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqot jarayonida zamonaviy trening metodlari asosida mashg‘ulotlar dasturi ishlab chiqilib, tajriba va nazorat guruhlari orqali sinovdan o‘tkazildi. Jismoniy sifatlar — kuch, chidamlilik, tezkorlik va funksional tayyorgarlik ko‘rsatkichlari maxsus testlar yordamida baholandi.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: harbiy xizmatchilar, jismoniy tayyorgarlik, mashg‘ulot dasturi, baholash usullari, chidamlilik, kuch, tezkorlik, funksional tayyorgarlik, samaradorlik, statistik tahlil
  topic: keywords
creator: Narmatov Farxod Ravshanovich
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-09
publication date: 2026-05-09
starting page: 397
ending page: 401

HOMILADORLIKDA DORI VOSITALARINI QO'LLASH: XAVF VA FOYDA TAHLILI
type: item
description: Homiladorlik davrida dori vositalarini qo‘llash klinik farmakologiyaning eng murakkab va mas’uliyatli yo‘nalishlaridan biri hisoblanadi, chunki farmakoterapiya nafaqat ona organizmiga, balki homila rivojlanishiga ham bevosita ta’sir ko‘rsatadi. Ushbu maqolada homiladorlikda qo‘llaniladigan dori vositalarining xavf va foyda nisbati, teratogen ta’sir mexanizmlari hamda FDA va xalqaro tasniflash tizimlari asosida dori xavfsizligini baholash yoritiladi. Shuningdek, antibiotiklar, antihipertenzivlar, analgetiklar va vitamin preparatlari misolida klinik amaliyotda eng ko‘p uchraydigan holatlar tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqot natijalari homiladorlikda farmakoterapiyani individual yondashuv asosida tanlash zarurligini ko‘rsatadi va xavfsiz davolash strategiyalarini ishlab chiqishga xizmat qiladi.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Homiladorlik, farmakoterapiya, teratogen ta’sir, dori xavfsizligi, risk va foyda tahlili, FDA tasnifi, klinik farmakologiya
  topic: keywords
creator: Ochilova Zarnigor
creator: Jo'rаev Zohidjon Аshurovich
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-10
publication date: 2026-05-10
starting page: 390
ending page: 396

METHODOLOGY OF TEACHING ENGLISH IN CONTEMPORARY CLASSROOMS
type: item
description: Teaching English today requires more than the presentation of grammar rules and vocabulary lists. In multilingual and mixed-ability classrooms, effective methodology must combine clear language input, meaningful interaction, purposeful practice, and sensitive assessment. This article discusses the main principles of modern English language teaching with particular attention to communicative language teaching, task-based learning, lexical development, scaffolding, and formative assessment. It argues that successful instruction depends not on one fixed method, but on the teacher’s ability to select and adapt techniques in response to learners’ needs, goals, and proficiency levels. The article also highlights the role of motivation, feedback, classroom atmosphere, and reflective practice in sustaining progress. The discussion concludes that an effective methodology for teaching English should be flexible, student-centered, and grounded in both theory and classroom reality.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: English language teaching, communicative approach, task-based learning, methodology, classroom practice, assessment
  topic: keywords
creator: Intizor Bekchanova
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-09
publication date: 2026-05-09
starting page: 385
ending page: 389

IMKONIYATI CHEKLANGAN BEMORLARNING PSIXOLOGIK XUSUSIYATLARI
type: item
description: Mazkur maqolada imkoniyati cheklangan bemorlarning psixologik xususiyatlari, ularning emotsional holati, ijtimoiy moslashuvi hamda ruhiy kechinmalari zamonaviy psixologiya va tibbiyot nuqtai nazaridan tahlil qilinadi. Bugungi kunda nogironligi bo‘lgan shaxslarning nafaqat jismoniy, balki ruhiy salomatligini qo‘llab-quvvatlash ham tibbiyot va psixologiyaning dolzarb yo‘nalishlaridan biri hisoblanadi. Tadqiqot davomida imkoniyati cheklangan bemorlarda uchraydigan xavotir, depressiv holatlar, stress, ijtimoiy izolyatsiya va o‘zini jamiyatdan chetda his qilish kabi psixologik muammolar ilmiy manbalar asosida yoritilgan. Shuningdek, bunday bemorlarga psixologik yordam ko‘rsatishning ahamiyati, reabilitatsiya jarayonida psixologik qo‘llab-quvvatlash va jamiyatning ijobiy munosabatini shakllantirish masalalari ham keng tahlil qilingan.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: imkoniyati cheklangan shaxslar, psixologik holat, stress, depressiya, reabilitatsiya, emotsional holat, ijtimoiy moslashuv, psixologik yordam.
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhabbat Shamayeva Baratovna
creator: Parmonov Doston Rustamovich
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-09
publication date: 2026-05-09
starting page: 376
ending page: 384

NEUSTOYKA - FUQAROLIK HUQUQIDA MAJBURIYATNI BAJARILISHINI TA`MINLASH USULI SIFATIDA
type: item
description: Ushbu ishda majburiyatlarning bajarilishini ta’minlash instituti bilan bog‘liq qonunchilikda nazarda tutilgan asosiy normalar tahlil etilgan. Xususan majburiyatlarni bajarilishini ta’minlash usullaridan biri sifatida neustoykaning fuqarolik qonunchiligidagi o‘rni huquqiy tabiati va qo‘llanish tartibi o‘rganilgan. Shuningdek, neustoykaga oid normalarning amaliy ahamiyati va ularning majburiyat munosabatlaridagi roli yoritib berilgan.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: majburiyat, majburiyatni bajarishni ta`minlash, neustoyka, jarima, penya.
  topic: keywords
creator: Nematov Otabek Oybek o‘g‘li
creator: Odilov Muhammadrasul Davlatjon o‘g‘li
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-09
publication date: 2026-05-09
starting page: 370
ending page: 375